To use any variable in a Java program, you must first declare it. Variable declarations consist of a type and a variable name:

int myAge;

String myName;

boolean isTired;

Variable definitions can go anywhere in a method definition (that is, anywhere a regular Java statement can go), although they are most commonly declared at the beginning of the definition before they are used:

public static void main (String args[ ] ) {

int count;

String title;the

boolean isAsleep;

...

}

You can string together variable names with the same type:

int x, y, z;

String firstName, LastName;

You can also give each variable an initial value when you declare it:

int myAge, mySize, numShoes = 28;

String myName = "Laura";

boolean isTired = true;

int a = 4, b = 5, c = 6;

If there are multiple variables on the same line with only one initializer (as in the first of the previous examples), the initial value applies to only the last variable in a declaration. You can also group individual variables and initializers on the same line using commas, as with the last example, above. Local variables must be given values before they can be used (your Java program will not compile if you try to use an unassigned local variable). For this reason, it's a good idea always to give local variables initial values. Instance and class variable definitions do not have this restriction (their initial value depends on the type of the variable: null for instances of classes, 0 for numeric variables, '\0' for characters, and false for booleans).

Java language is case-sensitive, which means that uppercase letters are different from lowercase letters. This means that the variable X is different from the variable x, and a pen is not a Pen is not a PEN. Keep this in mind as you write your own Java programs and as you read Java code other people have written.

By convention, Java variables have meaningful names, often made up of several words combined. The first word is lowercase, but all following words have an initial uppercase letter:

Button theButton;

long reallyBigNumber;

boolean currentWeatherStateOfPlanetXShortVersion;

In addition to the variable name, each variable declaration must have a type, which defines what values that variable can hold. The variable type can be one of three things:

• One of the eight basic primitive data types - The eight primitive data types handle common types for integers, floating-point numbers, characters, and boolean values (true or false). They're called primitive because they're built into the system and are not actual objects, which makes them more efficient to use. Note that these data types are machine-independent, which means that you can rely on their sizes and characteristics to be consistent across your Java programs.

• The name of a class or interface

• An array

There are four Java integer types, each with a different range of values (as listed in Table A below). All are signed, which means they can hold either positive or negative numbers. Which type you choose for your variables depends on the range of values you expect that variable to hold; if a value becomes too big for the variable type, it is silently truncated.

Table A Integer types.

byte 8 bits —128 to 127

short 16 bits —32,768 to 32,767

int 32 bits —2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

long 64 bits —9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807

Floating-point numbers are used for numbers with a decimal part. Java floating-point numbers are compliant with IEEE 754 (an international standard for defining floating-point numbers and arithmetic). There are two floating-point types: float (32 bits, single-precision) and double (64 bits, double-precision).

The char type is used for individual characters. Because Java uses the Unicode character set, the char type has 16 bits of precision, unsigned.

Finally, the boolean type can have one of two values, true or false. Note that unlike in other C-like languages, boolean is not a number, nor can it be treated as one. All tests of boolean variables should test for true or false.

In addition to the eight basic data types, variables in Java can also be declared to hold an instance of a particular class:

String LastName;

Font basicFont;

OvalShape myOval;