Opinion
India Should Read Tea Leaves
on Chinese Military Spending
by
C. Uday Bhaskar
Over the past
week, both India and China have announced their respective annual
budgetary allocation towards defence spending and the contrast is
striking. This contrast has long-term implications for the South Asian
strategic framework.
On the face of it, India has announced a budgeted estimate (BE) for the
financial year 2008-09 as Rs.1,056 billion which is about $26 billion.
China has pegged its corresponding figure at $57 billion, which is more
than twice that of India. The increase over the last year in the case of
India is 10 percent while in the case of China it is 18 percent.
However, in relation to GDP, the Chinese defence spending is estimated
to be under 1.5 percent while for India it is under two percent.
Mild alarm bells have rung in different countries over the Chinese
defence allocation and this stems from the opacity that surrounds
Beijing's budgetary process for the officially stated Chinese figure is
perceived to be less than the actual spending on defence. It is
instructive that the Pentagon put out its estimate a day before the
official Chinese statement and pegged the annual Chinese expenditure at
between $97 billion and $139 billion. This of course is dwarfed by the
US defence projection for the next fiscal year beginning September which
is pegged at $515 billion.
Where does India stand in the correlation between defence outlay and
actual military outcome by way of translating fiscal resource into
discrete military capability? The defence allocation for financial year
(FY) 2008-09 (beginning April 1) has been pegged at Rs.1,056 billion and
this is to be seen against the actual expenditure of the fiscal 2007-08
which has been announced as Rs.925 billion. Prima facie, this is an
increase of 14 percent and may seem to be adequate - but this inference
is misleading. The underlying reality is that while the finance minister
is providing reasonable fiscal outlay annually, this is not translating
into appropriate creation of military outcome. A brief review of
previous allocations and expenditure is revealing.
Every year, the defence allocation is classified as the annual budgeted
expenditure - or BE. This is a projection made in end-February. This
year, the BE for 2008-09 is Rs.1,056 billion. The BE for 2007-08 was Rs.
960 billion. The actual expenditure for the year that is concluding
end-March is classified as the revised expenditure - or RE.
It is instructive that for the year 2007-08, the RE was only Rs.925
billion - meaning thereby that the Indian defence ministry had returned
Rs.35 billion as unspent. This is anomalous given the critical need for
modernization of inventory for all the three armed forces.
Thus, while the apparent increase is from Rs.960 billion to Rs.1,056
billion - which is a 10 percent increase - the focus ought to be on
amounts that remain unspent. Barring 2004-05 - when the BE and the RE
were equal at Rs.770 billion - for the last nine years running, the
Indian defence establishment has been returning money from the overall
defence budget to the national exchequer. While this may be a good sign
for the fiscal health of the nation - it has very adverse consequences
for the Indian military.
This is revealed in the following breakdown of allocations. The Defence
Expenditure (DE) is usually sub-divided into the revenue and capital
heads. Of this, the former is the expenditure towards pay and
allowances, training and annual establishment costs towards maintaining
a standing military of under 1.2 million uniformed personnel.
Of this, the Indian Army alone is a million plus, the air force is
100,000 plus and the navy is 50,000 plus personnel. Given the manpower
intensity of the total Indian military - the revenue expenditure is
closer to 60 percent and the balance is spent towards capital costs and
defence R&D. The capital component is the crucial indicator and gives an
indication about what kind of modernization and new acquisitions are in
the Indian military pipeline.
It is disappointing to note that annually, the capital component of the
Indian DE remains unspent. And this when the three armed forces have
been crying hoarse about serious operational voids - by way of new
platforms - be they tanks/artillery, aircraft or ships. The real
handicap is that the prevailing defence procurement procedures have
become so sluggish and cumbersome that large capability gaps have been
created.
For example, successive air chiefs have drawn attention to the need for
the Indian Air Force (IAF) to acquire a replacement fighter for its
Russian MiG fighters - and as of now, India urgently needs 126 combat
aircraft. However, we are still in the stage of inviting tenders and
trying to evaluate the bids.
The timeline involved is so large as to make military planners despair.
This is revealed in the AJT (advanced jet trainer) experience. First
mooted by the IAF in 1983, the AJT is a critical requirement for the
training of fighter pilots. Yet this aircraft - the British Hawk - was
actually inducted in February this year. In other words, it took almost
25 years to acquire a platform as basic as a trainer aircraft.
This absurd process is a reminder of the Bofors-HDW shadow that has
seriously impaired the procurement process in India. It may be recalled
that during the Rajiv Gandhi years (1984-89), the Indian government had
acquired the Bofors artillery gun from Sweden - and this acquisition
process was mired in political controversy about kickbacks and
middlemen. Since that time, every major defence deal has generated one
controversy or the other - the current turbulence being over the Barak
deal with Israel during the NDA regime wherein former defence minister
George Fernandes and former naval chief Admiral Sushil Kumar are
currently being questioned by the CBI.
But reverting to the budget, it is again relevant that the RE for
2007-08 shows that as regards the capital component, while Rs.419
billion was allocated - the actual expenditure was only Rs.377 billion -
or that Rs. 321 billion was returned. This is not a happy augury and it
is this lacunae that must be plugged at the earliest. This year -
2008-09 - the capital outlay has been hiked to Rs.480 billion. The
challenge for the UPA government and Defence Minister A.K. Anthony in
particular is to ensure that none of this amount is returned in February
2009 and that it spent judiciously to enhance military capability. Only
then will the annual fiscal outlay be translated into a meaningful
national security outcome.
The contrast with China is striking. This year's allocation marks the
20th successive year when Beijing has increased its annual defence
outlay by double digit percentages closer to 20 and has translated
fiscal outlay into distinctive military outcome. The focus is on
trans-border military capability relating to ordnance delivery
(missiles, long range fighter aircraft and ships) and surveillance
(satellites). China is relating its military capability in relation to
the US, Japan and Russia and this is a logical policy initiative for a
nation that has a clear strategic vision of the next 50 years.
India does not exude the same degree of determination and consequently,
the existential military advantage will inevitably grow in China's
favor. This asymmetry will have abiding politico-diplomatic implications
for the South Asian strategic grid and New Delhi should read the tea
leaves more astutely.
(C. Uday Bhaskar is a well-known
strategic analyst. He can be reached at cudayb@gmail.com)
Boloji.com is owned and managed by
Boloji Media Inc Privacy Policy |
Disclaimer No part of this Internet site may
be reproduced without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
