Despite its upward
economic growth, India has failed to put into place even the most basic
entitlements that will ensure the right to survival, life and dignity
for women, particularly Dalit and tribal women, a new NGO report to the
United Nations says.
"Macro economic policies continue to be gender blind and liberalization
has impacted women adversely," the just-released report "Divided
Destinies Unequal Lives—Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the
Indian State", compiled by the People’s Collective for Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights, observes.
The 92-page report will be submitted to the UN Committee on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights at a review during May second week in Geneva.
India had ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) on July 10, 1979, and become a State party to
this treaty body. Though reporting guidelines require States to submit
periodic reports every five years, India, after submitting the initial
report, had failed to report to the UN committee. After almost two
decades, India is scheduled to be reviewed by the committee.
India’s upcoming review is an opportunity for civil society groups to
engage with the government by using international forums and spaces to
demand human rights for all. This process led to the preparation of the
NGO report, says Priti Darooka, Executive Director, Programme on Women’s
Economic Social and Cultural Rights (PWESCR), which initiated the
report.
"The report articulates the myriad voices from Indian civil society.
Over 150 organizations and individuals got together to collaboratively
prepare the report and to hold Indian government accountable to the
promises made under ICESCR," she says.
The report highlights the gaps that exist between the promise and
assurances given by the State and their actual delivery, and has sharply
focused on the plight of women.
Citing the report, Priiti says livelihood security, education and
autonomy of poor communities have figured low in priorities and concerns
of policy makers. "There has been a marked shift of emphasis from
agriculture. More people are increasingly driven to seek work in the
tertiary and casual work sectors, with State policies resulting in
agricultural stagnation. Majority remain in the unorganized and informal
sector, outside the purview of most protective legislation."
Women continue to perform unpaid work within the household and in family
farms and enterprises. Despite its obvious economic and social worth,
much of the work that women do remains ‘invisible’ in national
accounting and the census, as well as unrecognized and unpaid within the
family. "This constrains women’s equal opportunities in life and
discourages their participation in labor market," it adds.
The report says the high growth rate of the economy has failed miserably
to generate adequate “decent” employment for the labor force.
"Inequalities of income and growth have increased across regions and
different socio-economic groups and between men and women. A gender
neutral approach in policies cannot resolve these disparities."
It says trends in employment during the past decade and a half indicate
that economic reforms are not likely to lead the economy towards full
employment, as there is no built-in mechanism under the neo liberal
policies to ensure full employment.
On the normalization of
work, the report says some forms of work are stigmatized, criminalized
and excluded from the ambit of protective legislation. "Women workers,
particularly, are subject to discriminatory treatment, sexual harassment
and exploitation."
The oppressive influence of caste on Indian society, and on women in
particular, is nowhere more visible than in the systemic stigmatization
of occupations traditionally reserved for the oppressed castes, such as
cleaning of human waste (manual scavenging) and sex work. "Women in
these forms of work are subject to discrimination, violence and the
complete denial of rights…. Especially, Dalit women are highly
vulnerable to sexual exploitation due to caste violence," it points out.
Expressing concern over the declining Child Sex Ratio, the collective
says despite its commitment to the protect the girl child, steps taken
by the State have failed to achieve the expected results due to the lack
of political will in their implementation.
The NGOs say the government, in a bid to build its claims to protecting
the family as an institution, has made invisible critical concerns of
women within the family. "It has drawn a narrow interpretation of the
term 'family', positioning it strictly within the heterosexual and
patriarchal framework….The division of labor in a family is blurred, as
women are doubly burdened with longer hours and arduous work patterns.
Caste-class divides only add to their burden."
It says there is no social security for 93 per cent of the workforce
(nearly 397 million workers), one-third of whom are women. Under any
social benefit scheme, women are only looked upon as dependents of male
breadwinners and not as equal citizens contributing to the national
economy, the collective observes and calls for developing a
comprehensive legislation for social security for all.
On the food front, the document says hunger, malnutrition and anemia are
endemic among girls and women, especially amongst tribal and Dalit
populations. Despite an increase in food production food inadequacy
persists as the targeted public distribution system has left more people
vulnerable and hungry as rising prices and decreasing access meet only
partially the poor’s food requirements
The collective says several acts of the government have led to
deceleration in the agriculture sector impacting the livelihood of about
65 per cent Indians. Performance of this largest sector, where women
constitute 40 per cent of its workforce, is crucial to livelihood and
food security.
Noting that the country spends less than one per cent of it GDP to
provide health care to one billion people, the document says the
government has not fulfilled its obligation and commitments to ensure
universal access to comprehensive, quality health care. "Women’s right
to health and health care cannot be achieved until her right to various
social determinants is attained."
On the right to education, it observes continuing disparities in the
educational status of Dalit tribal and Muslim communities in general,
and women and girls in particular. "The overwhelming focus of policy and
programmes has been on increasing access, while ignoring equity and
quality issues. An emphasis on privatization of education or the
introduction of non-formal schemes, rather than an investment in
creating fully equipped and staffed formal schools, has weakened the
education system."
The collective points out that Muslims suffer widespread and systemic
deprivations in education, health, employment, living standards and
cultural life. "Muslim children suffer from the highest rates of
stunting and the second highest rates of being underweight among all
social groups in India. Muslim women are doubly marginalized on account
of both their gender and their religion."
The report was released by Dr Syeda Hameed, Member of Planning
Commission, in New Delhi On May 2.
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