|
|
Society
Should a Woman with the Mental Age of Nine
Bear a Child?
by Kamayani Bali Mahabal
In India, a disabled
girl-child is usually at the receiving end of a lot of contempt and
neglect. Women with disabilities have been consistently denied their
rights. In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court (SC) of India recently
allowed a 19-year-old mentally challenged orphan girl to carry on with a
pregnancy resulting from a sexual assault. The Punjab and Haryana High
Court ruling had earlier ordered medical termination of pregnancy (MTP).
Giving the facts of the case, Advocate Colin Gonsalves who had argued
for abortion in this case, said that the girl, who was kept at Nari
Niketan, Chandigarh, a government institution for destitute women, was
raped some time in March 2009 on the premises by the security guards. In
May 2009, the pregnancy was detected. The media widely reported the rape
but no institution or individual came forward in the woman's support. In
the same month the Director of the Government Medical College and
Hospital constituted a three-member board comprising a psychiatrist, a
clinical psychologist and a special educator to evaluate the woman's
mental status. Their report did not suggest anything out of the ordinary
except that "she also cries almost daily". The board found her mental
age to be nine years and placed her in the category of mild mental
retardation.
A few days later, a four-doctor Multi Disciplinary Medical Board was
constituted, which included a psychiatrist. It recommended an MTP. The
Punjab and Haryana High Court ultimately went on the basis of these
reports. The second one concluded that "the continuation of pregnancy in
this case can be associated with certain complications considering her
age, mental status and previous surgery. There are increased chances of
abortion... pre-maturity... fetal distress and more chances of operative
delivery including anesthetic complications." The committees concluded
that the woman "has adequate physical capacity to bear and raise the
child but that her mental health can be further affected by the stress
of bearing and raising her child."
This case thus raised fundamental issues relating to consent and to the
support required while assessing consent. Eventually most mentally
challenged women will, if properly supported, be able to indicate
whether they wish to abort the pregnancy or proceed with it, concludes
Gonsalves.
Shampa Sengupta, Director of the Sruti Disability Centre in Kolkata,
says that if the woman wants to keep the baby she should be allowed to
do so. "We as civil society must take the responsibility of supporting
her. How can we forget the UN Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Convention?" she asks.
Sengupta, who has worked on disability for the last 10 years, adds, "How
can we say her choice is not valid? Because the doctors say so? If you
or I do not consider the doctor's word as final, why should this young
girl? Also, why is it that no one is talking about the rapists and how
Nirmala Niketan came to have male employees?"
"The SC judgment has focused more on pro-life arguments and the rights
of the child," states Bhargavi Davar, who heads the Bapu Trust in Pune,
an organization devoted to challenging the mindset and practices of the
Indian mental health establishment. She points out that several women's
organizations have responded to this judgment by focusing on women's
rights and the right to abortion.
But nowhere in this
dialogue between the state and civil society has the issue of
reproductive rights and sexuality in the context of psychosocial and
mental disability been discussed.
Many state institutions for women living with a mental disabilities,
with the co-operation of families, routinely sterilize, abort or give
the child away for adoption without the consent of the mother. Many
women's organizations and NGOs that provide care have an equally
problematic custodial outlook towards such persons. Argues Davar, "In
this case, we have not heard the woman's voice anywhere, while we have
several third party arbitrations and advocacy. We do not know what the
woman wants. Whether the mentally challenged woman has the 'capacity' to
take care of the child is another question riddled with prejudices and
stereotypes."
In the 1990s at Sirur, Maharashtra, 17 mentally challenged girls below
18 years were peremptorily hysterectomised. The state chose to control
the girls' reproductive rights by deploying extreme measures. The
professionals involved in that decision neither denied that
hysterectomies were done, nor did they perceive them as a violation.
They justified them as having been done in the best interests of the
girls.
Dr Anant Phadke from Pune who filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
on the issue, says that case is still on. In January 2009, the state
filed an affidavit stating "Mentally retarded adolescent girls or adult
women have no sense of hygiene during menstruation." Shockingly, this is
the prime reason given by the government for backing the controversial
decision. Justifying its move, the government stated that, unlike stools
or urine, menstrual flow is continuous and lasts up to at least 100
hours a month.
It added that caregivers find it difficult to deal with inmates who are
uncooperative; and that poor hygiene can lead to infection and
laceration on thighs and genitals and that increased flow can cause
anemia. Behavioral problems and psychotic symptoms also cause
difficulties for care-givers.
All that is needed to perform the operation is the consent of the
parent/guardian and certification from a psychiatrist and gynecologist
that hysterectomy is needed.
"We are challenging these guidelines," says advocate Anand Grover adding
that the hysterectomies were performed for the convenience of the
institute, to prevent pregnancy in case of sexual abuse and not for the
woman's welfare. The Government had no authority to conduct a
hysterectomy on mentally disabled women and such a move violates the
fundamental rights of such women and the provisions of the Mental Health
Act.
Shruti Pandey, a human rights lawyer from Delhi, admits that this is a
case that is "so grey". Says Pandey, "To my mind, this case was not
about abortion per se, it was about whether the law of this country
recognizes and protects the agency of a woman to take decisions for her
life and body, especially all its nuances when the woman is a person
with mental retardation (MR) or any other disability."
Legally, this case showed - which the HC also noted in detail in its
first order - that the Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP) Act does
not deal with access to abortion of women with MR, and that it wrongly
distinguishes between women with mental retardation and mental illness,
leaving the former out totally. Also that the Act does not understand
that both these kinds of women are more likely than not to be destitute,
in which case guardianship is not that simple.
Clarifies Pandey, "If the SC has said this woman wants to go ahead with
the pregnancy, in principle I would support the decision. Every woman
has a right to bear children, including women with mental disabilities.
But if the court says it is the right of child to be born/not to be
killed, and so the pregnancy must go on, that is hugely problematic. In
any case, if the SC says no MTP, I would like to see what support
mechanism it relies upon, institutionally, and not merely on the
assurances and hyperbole of individuals and NGOs. I would also like this
decision then to lead to the state's accountability for creating and
sustaining comprehensive and reliable support systems for all persons
with disabilities, within a rights framework. This is definitely an
obligation under Article 12 of the UN Rights of Persons with
Disabilities Convention, which India is totally ill-equipped to deliver
on, as this case shows."
This case indicates eloquently that the Indian legal framework has to be
strengthened a great deal to bring it in line with international
legislation.
August 9, 2009
By arrangement with
WFS
Top
|
Society
|
|
